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| Time | ------POLITICS------- |
-------LITERATURE------- |
Religion / Philosophy |
-------ARTS-------- |
----SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY--- |
------PEOPLE'S LIFE------ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -600 to -501 -700 to -601 |
* Mayan civilization in Mexico * Nebuchadnezzar II burns Jerusalem(-581) * The Phoenicians in Corcica * Croesus, last king of Lydia(-561 to -546), overthrown by Cyrus the Great of Persia in -547 * Cyprus under Egyptian rule * Peisistratus usurps goverment in Athens; known as tyrant, but also introduces the great musical and theatrical Dionysia; upon his death in -527, his sons, Hipias and Hipparchus, continue tyranny until overthrown in -510 by Cleisthenes * Amasis II of Egypt(-569 to -526), friend of Polycrates of Greece, further trade with Greece; patron of the arts * Cyrus II, the Great, of Perusia(-553 to -529) conquers Ludia, the Medes, and Babylonia, tranforming Perusia into vast empire; in -536 he frees jews from Babylonian Captivity and aids their return to Israel * Cyrus II is succeeded by his son Cambyses II (-529 to -522), who conquers Egypt and has himself crowned Pharaoh * Darius I (-522 to -485), his successor divides empire into 20 provinces(satrapies), introduces far-reaching reforms including a common currency, regular taxes, a standing army * Servius Tullius, 1st king of Rome but one : fortifies city and establishes class system based on property(-578 to -534) * Themistocles, Athenian statesman and general(-525 to -459) * Xerxes, future king of Persia(-485 to -465), b.-519 * Rome declared a republic; last king, Tarquin the Proud, expelled; Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus become first consuls * Cleisthenes introduces sweeping democratic reforms in Athens -510 * Etruscans defeat Romans; the legends of Horatius Cocles and Mucius Scaevola |
* Oldest extant Lat. inscriptions * Anacreon, Greek poet(-580 to -495) * The "fables" of Aesop, a former Phrygian slave * Greek poet Thespis has first public performance of a tragedy based on hymn to Dionysus * The impoverished poet Hipponax of Ephesus invents "lame" iambics as form for his political satires * Aeschylus, Greek dramatist(-525 to -456) * Cratinus, Greek author of comedies(-520 to -420) * Building of theater at Delphi * Epicharmus of Megara, Sicily(-550 to -460), writes early comedies and farces |
* Age of the "Seven Wise Men of Greece" (Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander, Chilo) * During the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, many books of Old Testment, based on words-of-mouse traditions, are first written down in Hebrew * After first conquest of Jersalem by Nebuchadnezzar, the prophet Ezekiel is exiled to Babylon; Jeremiah Flees to Egypt, d.-585 * Solon's laws promulgated in Athens(repeal of debtor's bondage; limited land ownership; class system for citizens involving army service and paying of taxes; rule by nine archons from highest class; counsil of 400 from third class, popular vote) * Height of influence of oracle at Delphi and its priestess * Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher and pupil of Anaximander(-586 to -526) * Pythagoras, philosopher and mathematician(-581 to -497) * Mahavira Jina(Vardhamana) founds Janism in India; first known rebel against caste system * Kung Fu-tse(Confucious), China. philosopher(-551 to -479) * Siddhartha (Gautama Buddha, called Sakyamuni). founder of Buddhism(-550 to -480) * Xenophanes founds school of philosophy * Public libraries in Athens * Buddha's leaves his home to devote himself to philosophy and asceticism, preaches his first sermon in deer park of holy city of Benares(-521) * Buddha's "Inspiration" * Parmenides, Greek philosopher, b.-515 * Completion of Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, called the Capitol, in Rome -509) * In Confusious, Buddha, Zoroaster, Lao-tse, the Jewish prophets, the Greek poets, artists, philosophers and scientists, the sixth century B.C. reaches a zenith of human wisdom and achievement |
* Greek art becomes independent of foreign influences, develops own style and form; archaic frontal style makes room for contrapost; sculuptures as personification of majesty and divinity become more humanized, representing idealistic forms, athletic ideals; draped garments in sculpture, later copied in Persian art; archtecture develops from severe Doric to more graceful Ionic; first caryatids in Greek temples * Shwe Dagon Pagoda built in Burma * Peisistratus builds Hecatomedon(sacrificial temple) in Athens * Evidence of Thacian influence in Lower Danube region through find of gold treasures at Valci Tran * Temple of Artemis at Ephesus(Asia Minor), one of seven wonders of ancient world(destroyed by ,a href="http://www.bonus.com:8080/contour/wondersoftheancientworld/http://pharos.bu.edu/Egypt/Wonders/artemis.html">Herostratus in -356, later rebuilt in original form) * La Tene culture in Europe * Temple of Apollo at Corinth * Temple of Olympian Zeus at Athens * Temple of Ceres at Paestum *Etruscan architecture * Pytagoras is said to have introduced the octave in music * Modes in music * Pindar, Greek composer and poet(-520 to -447) * Indian vina, two hollow gourds connected by strings and bamboo reed, is considered origin of all hollow string instruments |
* The Chinese text Arithmetic classic of the gnomon and the circular paths of heaven contains the first known proof of a version of the Pythagorean theorem * A road of 7.4 km(4.6 mi) is built across the istmus of Corinth to transport ships across land on wheels * Water system built by Eupalinus, on Samos, three-quarter-mile-long tunnel started simultaneously at both ends * T.Piscus builds first Roman stone bridge * First reliably recorded circumnavigation of Africa by Phoenicians, ordered by Pharaoh Necho of Egypt; started from Red Sea and lasting three years * Greek philosopher Anaximenes of Miletus, b about 570, suggests that air is the primary substance; it can be changed into other substances by thinning, forming fire, or thickening, forming wind, clouds, rain, hail, earth, and rock * Sun dial(gnomon) in use in Greece and China * Mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras of Samos(Greek island off the coast of Turkey) * According to Proclus, Thales of Miletus is the first to prove general geometrical propositions on angles and triangles, an approach that will be at the basis of Euclid's work * Xenophanes, Greek philosopher, b Colophon, Ionia; he speculates that because fossil sea shells are found on the tops of mountains, the surface of earth must have risen and fallen in the past, one of the earliest ideas of earth science * Prediction of solar eclipse(by Thales of Miletus) is presumed to be first in occidental astronomy * Nebuchadnezzar II builds palace with terrace gardens in Babylon(presumed to be the legendary ,a href="http://www.arc.cmu.edu/~ramesh/courses/48-460/1996/jason+scott/">"Hanging Gardens," one of seven wonders of the world); a tunnel more than half a mile long, connecting the palace and the Temple of the Sun, traversets the Euphrates below the river bed * Greek philosopher adopt theory of earth as a disk coverded by dome of sky, or as floating free in spherical sky * Theodorus of Samos credited with invention of ore smelting and casting, water level, lock and key, carpenter's square, and turning lathe * Roman lunar year has 10 months varying lengths(later 12 months) * Babylonian astronomy begins to conform to present reckonings; lunar year has 354 days regulated into 12 months alternating between29 and 30 days * Anaximander d.-546; taught that all life develops from amphibians * Anaximander,( Miletus ) makes the first known attempt to model Earth according to scientific principles; his concept is that Earth is a cylinder with a north-south curvature; he prepares a map of the known Earth based on this idea * -522 architect and engineer Eupalinus of Megara constructs a tunnel of 1100 m(3600ft) under 300m (1000ft-high) Mount Castro on the ialand of Samos(Greece) to supply water * Thales of Miletus d. -545; he knew that a magnet attracts iron and that amber, when rubbed, becomes magnetic; the "Thales Proposition" (triangles over the diameter of a circle are right-angled) is oldest theory of occidental mathematics * Pythagoras leaves Samos and founds a school in Croton in southern Italy; the society that is centered around this school, the Pythagorean Brotherhood, later makes many striking discoveries in mathematics; the Pythagorean theorem, however, was known much earlier * Greek philosopher Parmenides b Elea(Italy); he holds that change is illusory, since being is one, and that nothing can be created or destroyed * Alcmaeon of Croton, Greek anatomist, discovers differnce between veins and arteries, also connection between brain and sensing organs * Darius I uses pontoon bridge across Bosphorus during warfare * Steel is made in India * The Pythagoreans teach that Earth is a sphere and not in the shape of a disk |
* Position of Greek women in Civil rights declines * First reports of the introduction of papyrus into Greece * Olive tree brought to Italy by Greek settlers * Cyrus of Persia establishes regular courier service by messengers on horseback * Tightly fitting leather clothes worn in Persia * Greek women take over men's short chiton as long dress of their own * Banking business practiced in Babylon * Milo of Crotona, legendary athlete, crowned six times at Olympic Games in -536 * First Persian coin with picture of ruler(previously: owl in Greece, tortoise in Lydia) * Darius founds city of Persepolis(razed -494); explores Indian coast * Pythagoreans are killed and dispersed by a mob in Croton(Italy), and Pytagoras flees to Tarentum, because of their advocacy of government by an elite |
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