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| Time | ------POLITICS------- |
-------LITERATURE------- |
Religion / Philosophy |
-------ARTS-------- |
----SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY--- |
------PEOPLE'S LIFE------ |
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| -2000 to -1501 | * The Hitties, Indo-European tribes from Asia Minor, join together in one single kingdom * Egyptians in control of Crete and the Aegean Islands. -- Aegean bronze Age * The Greeks begin to move from the shores of the Caspian Sea toward the eastern Mediterranean(-2000 to -1000) * The Jomon people settle in Japan.(some people consider their settlement -8000) * Sesostris 1 of Egypt extends influence to Nubia * Hamurabi, king of Babylonia, reunites kingdom(18th century B.C.) * Shang dynasty in China (-1760 to - 1122) * Beginning of Persian Empire (-1750 to -550 * Hittite attacks on Syria * Teutonic settlements in southern Norway * The Hyksos drive the Egyptians south and form a kingdom in the Nile Delta(17th century B.C. * End of Middle kingdom * Decline of Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi's son, Samsuiluna * Liberation of Egypt from Hyksos rule by Amosis 1 marks beginning of New Kingdom(-1575 to -1200) * Cecrops, according to tradition, first king of Attica in Greece * 18th dynasty brings Egypt to height of its power and achievements * Amenhotep 1(-1530 to -1515) * Thutmose(-1530 to -1515) * Queen Hatshepsut, wife of Thutmose II, rules for Thutmos III until his coming of age in -1480 |
* Egyptians use alphabet of 24 signs * The "Story of Sinuhe," oldest form of a novel, written in Egypt * Beginning of Semitic alphabet * First Hittite cuneiform inscriptions * First seven periods of Chinese literature(to -600) * The Phaistos disk(relief-carved symbols) ? - Archaeological sight of Phaistos * Archaic Chinese inscriptions on tortoise shells and flat cattle bones(oracle bones ) - image-1, image 2 |
* Marduk becomes god of Babylon * Stonhenge, England, is center of religious worship - image * Hammurabi, king of Babylon, sets laws of kingdom in order and provides first of all legal systems * The "Book of the Dead," collection of religious documents of 18th Egyptian dynasty * Thutmose I of Egypt builds first tomb in Valley of Kings |
* Middle Minoan period in Crete * Bronze Age in Britain * Huangho culture in China * The oldest palace at Mycenae * Elaborate royal tombs in Middle Europe * First palace of Minos at Knossus, Crete, built? * Great Labyrinth of Egypt built by Amenemhet * Earliest beginnings of the building of Stonhenge, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, England * Bronze Age in western Europe * Late Minoan period in Crete(to -1400) * The Obelisk of Thutmose I * Karnak Temple * Reports of first trumpets being played in Denmark * Religious dances in Crete * Percussion instruments added to Egyptian orchesral music |
* Babylonians created the system of the zodiac to describe the positions of the Planets * Egyptians use knotted rope triangle with "Pythagorean" numbers to construct right angles * Minos palace has light and air shafts, bathrooms with water supply - - PERIOD AND STYLE FOR DESIGNERS * Irrigation system in Egypt utilizes Nile floods * Code of Hammurabi includes guidelines for medical practices(including eye surgery) and permissible fees * Decimal system in Crete * Water dam in India built of polished marble * Edwin Smith Papyrus describes medical and surgical practices * Mercury used in Egypt * Four basic elements known in India: earth, air, fire and water |
* Babylon becomes capital of the empire due to the shift in the course of Euphrates River * Vase for offerings in the shape of a bull, from Cyprus. Late Bronze Age (c.1600 - 1100 BC) * Trade routes spread from eastern Mediterranean through Europe * Contraceptive in use in Egypt * Horses are used to draw vehicles * Code of Hammurabi defines criminal laws, lines of inheritance |
| -1500 to -1001 | * The Phrygians migrate from Thrace to Asia Minor * Chiapa de Carzo, earliest known settlement in Mexico * Thutmose III (-1480 to -1450)extends Egyptian empire along eastern Mediterranean, to banks of Euphrates, and to upper Nile * Under the peaceful reign of Amenhotep III(-1420 to -1385) Egyptian trade and culture flourish * The Phoenicians reach Malta * Amenhotep IV(Pharaoh Ikhnaton, -1385 to -1358) builds new residence in Amarna; attempts revolutionary changes in army and priesthood, later annulled by Tutankhamen * 19th dynasty(Seti I, Ramses II and III, -1350 to -1200) moves seat of government to Memphis, reestablishes pre-Ikhnaton status * * The Israelites, led by Moses, leave Egypt, reach Canaan * Phoenicians become the predominant trading power in Mediterranean area * 20th dynasty in Egypt(-1200 to -1090); decline of power begins * Crossing of the Jordan by the Israelites * Destruction of Troy during Trojan War(-1193, sixth level) * Nebuchadnezzar I, king of Babylon(-1146 to -1123) * Chou dynasty succeeds Shang dynasty(-1122 to -480) * Tiglath-pileser I(-1116 to -1077) founds Assyrian Empire and fortifies it against migrating peoples from the north; conquers Babylon * Ethiopia becomes independent power * The Dorians conquer the Peloponnesus * 21st dynasty in Egypt(-1090 to -945); civil war under Ramses XI * Abolition of monarchy in Athens; Medon becomes first archon * Saul becomes first king of Israel(-1002 to -1000) and is defeated by Philistines. |
* "Upanishad" yradition in India(hymns of the Rigveda) * Primitive Greek alphabet at Cnossus < * Akhnaton's "Hymns to Aton" and correspondance with neighboring states in Amarna archives * Library in Hittite capital has tablets in eight languages * First mention of Israelites in Egyptian victory hymn * Gilgamesh Epic is recorded(-1200) * First Chin.Dictionary, with 40,000 characters. |
* Vedic religion assigns different powers to the separate deities of the heavens, the air, and the earth * Ikhnaton(Amenhotep IV) of Egypt destroys the old gods and sets up Aton, the sun god, as only god(-1385); this monotheistic religion is shortlived; his successor, Tutankhamen, reinstates the earlier deities * Moses receives the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai * Age of the "Judges" elected from 12 Israelite tribes |
* Beginning of Blooming of Cretan-Mycenaean culture(to -1200) * Amenhotep III built the famous Colossi of Memnon and The temple of Luxor * The famous Cretan terracotta vases ? * Shang culture in China - Shang Bronze Ritual Vessals(-13000) * Temple of Abydos * Ganges civilization in India(to -400) * Middle Mycenean culture - Mycenaean Pictorial Art and Pottery * Beginnings of Bronze Age in Scandinavia * The mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir-el Bahri (1504 B.C.) - The Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut - Seated figure of Queen Hatshepsut - Queen Hatshepsut as Sphinx * "Cleopatra's Needle," obelisk from the region of Thutmose III(see A.D. 1819 and 1878) * Colossus of Ramesses II * Tapestries made in Egypt * Amarna culture shows softer, more natural lines * Head of Nefertiti, painted limestone sculpture of Ikhnaton's wife * Beehive Tomb at Mycenae: the treasury of Atreus * War memorial in Egypt shows Syrian soldier with Egyptian wife and son * Tutankhamen's body embalmed and placed in sarcophagus of wood and bold - Tutankhamen's sculupture - Tutankhamen's images * Great temple of Abu-Simbel, Nubia * The Lion Gate at Palace of Minos, Mycenae * Troy excavation shows city described in Iliad at sixth level(total nine levels), dating from -3500 to Roman rule) * Elaborate bronze sculptures in China * Mexican Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan(age verified by carbon tests) * Monumental tower temples in Assur * Beginning of Olmec culture in Mexico * Hittites have religious dances; instruments include guitar, lyre, trumpet, tambourine * Court dances in Egypt accompanied by harp music |
* Obelisks in Egypt serve as sun dials * Intricate clock, measuring flow of water, found in tomb of Amenhotep III * Possible existence of a first "Suez Canal" * Mathematical permutations and "magic squares" known in Chin. mathematics * Advanced knowledge of shipbuilding in Mediterranean and Scandinavian countries * Properties of Pythagorean triangle theory also known in China * The Babylonian develop an instrument that can determine when a star or planet is due south * Bells cast in bronze appear in China * Beginning of true Iron Age in Syria and Palestine * Height of sun in relation to incline of polar axis measured in China |
* Kikkuli of Mitanni writes the first treaties on horse breeding and training * Leprosy in India and Egypt * Foundation of Corinth * The soybean is cultivated in Manchuria(-1500 - -1451) * Memphis becomes Egyptian capital in place of Thebes * Regulations concerning the sale of beer in Egypt * Extensive export and import trade in Egypt * Silk fabrics in China -- The Silk Road --images of the silk road * Labor strike in Thebes * Widespread robbery of royal tombs in Egypt; thieves are brought to trial * Prohibition decreed in China * Palestinian seven-spouted lamp from the excavation of Sir Flinders Petrie at Tell Gemmeh (Gerar). Early Iron Age (c.1150-930BC) * The Phoenicians import tin from mines in England |
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