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| Time | ------POLITICS------- |
-------LITERATURE------- |
Religion / Philosophy |
-------ARTS-------- |
----SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY--- |
------PEOPLE'S LIFE------ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1000 to -901 -1000 to -901 |
* Phoenicians established at Tyre, continue westward expansion into Cyprus and western Mediterranean; found colonies on west coast of Morocco; early link of Asiatic and Greek civilization * Ionians, dispossessed from their homeland in Greece, found 12 cities on west coast of Asia Minor, among them Miletus and Ephesus, which later unite in Ionian Confederacy * Accession of David as King of united kingdom of Judah and Israel(-1000 to -960), with Jerusalem as capital; returns Ark of Covenant and Decalogue to city * King David is succeeded by his son, Solomon(-960 to -925), who builds Yahweh Temple in Jerusalem; under his rule, country reaches height of its civilization * Political unification of Attica under rule of Athenian kings * Peking in existence * 22nd dynasty of Egypt(-945 to -745)begins with Sheshonk I(to -920) * Division of Hebrew kingdom into Israel and Judah(-933) * King Solomon dies(-933), succeeded by his son Rehoboam I as king of Judah(to -917), and by Jeroboan I as king of Israel(to -907) * Sheshonk I of Egypt conquers and pillages Jerusalem * Adadnirari II of Assyrian makes peace with Babylon |
* Greek script, based on old Semitic-Phenician characters with addition of vowels, uses only capital letters(to -800) * Chin, script fully developed * Hebrew alphabet, as opposed to earlier Semitic alphabets, developed(see -2000 to -1501) * Cuneiform writing in Urartu, Babylonia * Beginning of Hebrew literature: Song of Deborah, later collected in Song of Songs |
* Classic paganism in full bloom in Greece(chaos spawns Uranus and Gaea-heaven and earth-fromwhom decend the Titans, later vanquished by Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Hephaestus, and other) * Patheistic religion develops in India(Brahminism and Atmanism) teaching identity of self, trasmigration of soul; caste system * China rational philosophy of chou dynasty gains over mysticism of earler Shang(Yin) dynasty - Chinese Philosophy * |
* Brush and ink painting in China(lacquer painting practiced since early ages) - classic chinese paintings * Temple of Hera, oldest remaining temple in Olympia, Greece * Temple in Jerusalem has main aisle with vestibule, three-storied wings; Phoenician architects collaborate * Geometric art designs on Greek artifacts * Gold vessels and jewelry in use in northern Europe * Professional musicians sing and play at religious ceremonies in Israel; same instruments still in use today |
* Fabric dyes made from purple snails and staining with alum practiced in Mediterranean area * Natural gas from wells is used in China * The Duke of Chou in china builds either an early "south-pointing carriage" or magnetic compass; a south-pointing carriage uses a differential gear to keep a part of the carriage pointing in the same direction as the carriage turns * Water supply system through reinforced subterranean tunnels built in Jerusalem * Indian lunar year has 360 days adjusted at random to coincide with solar year * Chin. textbook of mathematics includes planimetry, proportions, "rule of 3" arithmetic, root multiplication, geometry, equations with one and more unknown quantities, theory of motion - History of mathematics * Earliest use of iron in Greece * Evidence in Sierra Nevada and California of huts built by Pinto Indians, using wood interwoven with reeds and covered with loam * Chaldeans use water-filled cube for measuring time, weight, and length * King Adadnirari II of Assyria starts new chronology(verified in connection with solar eclipse of June 15, 763 B.C) |
* The Etruscans use a form of false teeth, mostly for cosmetic reasons * Oats are cultivated in central Europe * Beginning of mass migration of Germanic peoples * Wigs are used by aristocratic Egyptians and Assyrians * The caftain is worn in Israel * Molded and embossed jewelry and utensils in use in northern Europe * First verified date of poppies grown in Egypt(-950) |
| -900 to -801 | * Phoenicians settle in Cyprus * Assurnasirpal II, king of Assyria(-883 to -859) * Smaria(formerly Sichem) rebuilt as capital of Israel in -879, destroyed by Sargon II in -722 * Dorians conquer city of Corinth * Queen Samuramat of Assyria(-811 to -807). the legendary Queen of Semiramis * 23rd dynasty of Egypt(-800 to -730) in dual region with 22nd |
* Victory stele for King Mesa of Moabs at Dibon(eastern Jordan) among earliest samples of Hebrew script and language * "Iliad" and "Odyssey," the Greek epics traditionally ascribed to Homer * Leather scrolls with traslations of Babylonian texts into Aramaic and Greek represent link between early clay tablets and Greek papyrus |
* The earliest Jewish prophets * Samaria becomes religious center of Israel * The prophet Elijah fights against worship of Baal and Queen Athalia who supports it, killed - Elijah's icon * The bull, the bull's horns, other animals often shown with wings, and a winged sun are worshiped in most countries of the eastern Mediterranean |
* Assurnasirpall II of Assyria rebuilds capital city Kalach(Nimrud) and new ornate palace with highly descriptive base-relief friezes - Winged Genie - Human-Headed Winged Lion * Royal palace and Ishtar Temple rebuilt at Nineveh * Bronze doors and black obelisk at palace in Balawat are evidence of hightly developed metal and stone stone sculpture |
* The first known arched bridge is built in Smyrna(Izmir, Turkey) * The symbol for zero is used in an inscription in India in -876, the first known reference to this symbol, although the concept may have originated earlier * Iron and steel production in Indo-Caucasian culture * The Olmec build pyramids in La Venta(Tabasco, Mexico) * Beginning of verified chin. historical chronology(-841) |
* Favorite royal sport in Kalach is hunting from chariots(Nimrod legend of royal hunter) * Sandstone stele at Nimrud palace describes imported and native fauna and flora * Carthage founded as trading center with Tyre(-813) |
| -800 to -701 -800 to -701 |
* Greeks settle on coast of Spain * In Crete, rivalry develops between ancient city-states * Etruscans move into Italy, bringing urban civilization of high order * Amaziah, king of Judah, defeated by Israel, is killed in Judean rebellion * King Joas of Israel (-801 to -787) * Foundation of city of Rome(traditional date is -753) * Greeks begin to settle in southern Italy, found Messina and Syracuse in Sicily * Spartans found Taranto in southern Italy * The nobility of Attica settles in Athens * Celts move into England * Jeroboam II, last important ruler of Israel(-784 to -744) -- OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL * Tiglath-pileser III of assyria(-746 to -727) subjugates syria and Philistia * First Messenian War: Sparta gains hegemony in Greece * Sargon II of Assyria conquers the Hittites in northern Syria, the Chaldeans in Urartu, and Samaria(end of kingdom of Israel) * Numa Pompilius, fabled second king of Rome(-715 to -672), adds Jan. and Feb. to Romulus' 10-month calendar * Babylonian rebellion against Assyrian rule(end of Kalach/Nimrud as royal residence) * King Sennacherib of Assyria (-705 to -681) defeats Egypt and Judah at Altaku |
* Oldest chin. poem contained in the "book of songs" * Egyptian fable "Battle between Head and Belly" * Syrian language changes from Phenician to Aramaic * Hesiod, Greek poet from Boeotia known for "Theogony"(creation of the world and gods of mythology), "Works and Days" (an educational poem), and "Shield of Heracles" * Start of collection of "Sayings of Solomon" |
* A woman reigns as high priest in Thebes * Apollo is worshiped at Delphi - architectures * Legendary laws of Lycurgust at Sparta * Prophets Amos, Hosea, and Isaiah fight religious and social abuses in Israel * Isaiah's teachings of the coming of The Messiah; he predicts fall of Assyria(d. -701) * Hesiod defines the five classic ages: Golden (paradisical), Silver(godless), Bronze (art and warfare), Heroic, and Iron; he names the nine Muses superseding the earliest three: Contemplation, Memory, Song; his philosophy: to work is man's duty |
* Arts and crafts flourishing in Asia Minor: metal sclupture. especially finely carved griffons, used as furniture legs; carpet weaving, embroidery, rock carving * Greek art adapts and stylizes plant and flower ornaments from Asian art, later adopted by the Romans - Jewellery(-700 to -600) * Ivory carving practiced in Egypt, Phoenicia, and Samaria * Construction of royal palace at Nineveh is begun * Art forms in Assyria become more naturalistic * Etruscan art forms appear in Tuscany - Etruscan Harp player(painting) - Etruscan Pipe player(painting) * Five-tone and seven-tone scales in Babylonian music * Earliest recorded music, a hymn on a tablet in Sumeria, written in cuneiform * In Greece, music is part of daily life; choral and dramatic music develops;period of itinerant singers(Rhapsodes) |
* Homer refers to highly developed battlefield surgery * Etruscans use hand cranks * Sledges with rollers in use for heavy loads * In India, medicine becomes divorced from priesthood; medical training uses anatomical models - History of surgery china and india * Etruscans introduce horse-drawn chariots to Italy * Babylonian and chin. astronomy understands planetary movements; new calendar confirmed * Spoked wheels and horseshoes in use in Europe (Hallstatt culture) * Assyrians use animal bladders as swimming aids in warfare * Romulus, first king of Rome, divides year into 10 months |
* Assyrian clothes almost the same for men and women * First recorded Olympic Games -776(possibly existing since -1350); celebrated every fourth year, they feature horse racing, wrestling, runing; women not admitted as spectators * In Greece, crafts and trade flourish, farmers starve * First iron utensils * Solar eclips of Sept. 6, -775 is first authenticated date in Chin.history * The Babylonians record a solar eclipse in -763 |
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